Abstract
It is now well established that ultrafine-grained (UFG) metals, with average grain sizes below 1 μm, may be produced by applying severe plastic deformation to bulk metals using processing procedures such as equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high-pressure torsion (HPT). Generally, these procedures lead to a significant strengthening in the material but there are some examples where processing by ECAP or HPT produces a significant weakening. This report examines examples of both strengthening and weakening in the processing of UFG metals.

Key words
equal-channel angular pressing, high-pressure torsion, severe plastic deformation, ultrafine grains

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